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1 machinery-building industry
см. machine industryEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > machinery-building industry
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2 industry
n1) промышленность, индустрия
- advertising industry
- agricultural industry
- agricultural processing industry
- aircraft industry
- allied industries
- armament industry
- artisan industry
- automobile industry
- automotive industry
- auxiliary industry
- aviation industry
- basic industry
- building industry
- capital goods industry
- capital-intensive industry
- catering industry
- chemical industry
- clothing industry
- coal industry
- construction industry
- construction materials producing industry
- consumer goods industry
- continuous process industries
- cottage industry
- dairy industry
- defence industry
- discretionary purchase industry
- diversified industry
- domestic industry
- durable goods manufacturing industry
- electronic industry
- engineering industry
- extraction industry
- extractive industry
- fabricating industries
- fast-growing industry
- financial services industry
- fish industry
- food industry
- food canning industry
- food processing industry
- forest industry
- foundry industry
- fuel-producing industries
- gas industry
- handicraft industry
- heavy industry
- highly developed industry
- high-tech industry
- high-technology industry
- home industry
- infant industry
- insurance industry
- investment industry
- investment goods industry
- iron industry
- key industry
- labour-intensive industry
- large-scale industry
- leisure industry
- leather goods industry
- light industry
- linked industry
- livestock industry
- local industry
- machine industry
- machinery-building industry
- machinery-producing industry
- machine-tool industry
- manufacturing industry
- metallurgical industry
- metallurgy industry
- metal processing industry
- metal working industry
- mineral industry
- mining industry
- motor industry
- munitions industry
- nationalized industry
- native industry
- noncommodity domestic industries
- nondurable industries
- nondurable goods manufacturing industries
- nonmanufacturing industries
- nuclear industry
- oil industry
- oil extraction industry
- oil processing industry
- packaging industry
- petrochemical industry
- petroleum industry
- petroleum-refining industry
- petty industry
- pharmaceutical industry
- pottery industry
- poultry industry
- power industry
- primary industry
- private industry
- privatised industry
- process industry
- processing industry
- producer goods industry
- public industries
- public utility industries
- publishing industry
- raw materials industry
- regional industry
- related industry
- rural industry
- sagging industry
- seasonal industry
- secondary industry
- service industries
- sheltered industry
- shipbuilding industry
- shiprepairing industry
- small industry
- small-scale industry
- stagnant industry
- state industry
- steel industry
- sunrise industries
- sunset industries
- supply industry
- tertiary industries
- textile industry
- timber industry
- tool-making industry
- tourism industry
- trade industry
- transport industry
- transportation industry
- travel industry
- truck industry
- weaving industry
- wine industry
- wood industry
- woodwork and timber industry
- develop industry
- protect home industry
- expand industry
- reorganize industry
- streamline industryEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > industry
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3 industry
1) индустрия; промышленность3) производство•- dairy and meat industry - domestic industry - electrochemical industry - home industry - import-saving industry - iron and steel industry - iron-mining industry - leather and foot-wear industry -
4 industry
2) отрасль промышленности; отрасль производства•- automation industry
- automotive industry
- bearing industry
- CAD industry
- CAE industry
- diemaking industry
- discrete industry
- discrete parts industry
- EDA industry
- electronic-design-automation industry
- electronics manufacturing industry
- engineering industry
- fastener industry
- gear industry
- goods industry
- heavy engineering industry
- information industry
- instrument making industry
- iron-and-steel industry
- laser metal-working industry
- machine building industry
- machine industry
- machine-tool industry
- manufacturing industry
- materials processing industry
- mechanical engineering industry
- metal-based manufacturing industry
- metal-fabricating industry
- metal-goods industry
- metal-processing industry
- metalworking manufacturing industry
- micro-manufacturing industry
- mold industry
- motor industry
- power industry
- precision machinery industry
- process industry
- processing industry
- robot industry
- robotics industry
- sanitaryware industry
- sheetmetalworking industry
- shipbuilding industry
- shipping industry
- stock-holding industry
- tool-and-die industry
- tooling industry
- toolmaking industryEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > industry
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5 industry
1) промышленность
2) индустрия
3) отрасль промышленности
– aircraft industry
– an industry
– automotive industry
– baking industry
– brewing industry
– butter industry
– canning industry
– coal industry
– construction industry
– electronic industry
– flour-and-cereals industry
– food industry
– food-canning industry
– forest industry
– gas industry
– heavy industry
– industry standard
– light industry
– machine-building industry
– manufacturing industry
– metallurgy industry
– mining industry
– oil industry
– petrochemical industry
– refrigeration industry
– sea-hunting industry
– shipbuilding industry
– soap industry
– steel industry
– tailoring industry
– textile industry
agricultural machinery industry — сельскохозяйственное машиностроение
alcoholic beverage industry — ликерно-водочная промышленность
leather and foot-wear industry — кожевенно-обувная промышленность
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6 machinery
1) механизмы
2) машинное оборудование
3) машины
4) аппаратура
5) машинный
6) толирунд
– beaming machinery
– carding machinery
– cop winding machinery
– deck machinery
– main machinery
– material-working machinery
– picking machinery
– road-building machinery
– s.g. and machinery
– scrap machinery
– sizing machinery
– spinning machinery
– turning machinery
– winding machinery
– worsted machinery
agricultural machinery industry — сельскохозяйственное машиностроение
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7 building machinery and equipment industry
< econ> ■ Baumaschinenindustrie fEnglish-german technical dictionary > building machinery and equipment industry
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8 машиностроение
1) General subject: machinery, mechanic engineering, engineering, mechanical engineering, machinery manufacturing2) Engineering: machine building, machine industry, machine-building, machine-building industry, manufacturing engineering3) Railway term: engine building4) Economy: machinery-producing industry, metal fabrication5) Diplomatic term: engineering industries6) Mechanic engineering: millwrighting7) Mechanics: machine construction8) Advertising: mechanical industry9) Business: engineering industry10) Education: machine engineering11) Automation: engineering manufacture, machine (building) industry, mechanical engineering industry12) Makarov: machine manufacturing -
9 сельскохозяйственное машиностроение
1) Engineering: agricultural engineering, agricultural machinery industry2) Automobile industry: farm machine industry3) Advertising: agricultural engineering industry4) Makarov: farm machinery building, farm-machinery industryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > сельскохозяйственное машиностроение
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10 машиностроение
machine building, engineering, manufacturing [mechanical] engineering, machine(-building) industry* * *машинострое́ние с.
machine building, machine manufacturing, mechanical engineering, engineering industryсельскохозя́йственное машинострое́ние — agricultural machinery industryтяжё́лое машинострое́ние — basic [heavy] engineering industryэнергети́ческое машинострое́ние — power engineering industry* * * -
11 машиностроене
(наука) mechanical engineering(промишленост) machine-building, machinery construction* * *машиностроѐне,ср., само ед. ( наука) mechanical engineering; ( промишленост) engineering industry, machine-building, machinery construction; тежко \машиностроене heavy engineering industry.* * *engineering; machine-building* * *1. (наука) mechanical engineering 2. (промишленост) machine-building, machinery construction -
12 электромашиностроение
1) Engineering: electric machine engineering, electric machine industry, electric machine-building, electrical machine-building, manufacture of electrical machinery2) Railway term: electric machinery industry3) Automation: electrical engineering4) Makarov: the electric machine industryУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > электромашиностроение
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13 edile
construction attr, building attr* * *edile agg. building (attr.): perito edile, master builder; imprenditore edile, building contractor (o builder); macchine edili, building machinery◆ s.m.1 building (o construction) worker2 (st. romana) aedile.* * *[e'dile]1. aggbuilding attr, construction attr2. sm* * *[e'dile, 'ɛdile] 1.impresa edile — firm of builders, construction company
operaio edile — builder('s labourer), construction worker, building worker BE
2.imprenditore edile — builder, building contractor
sostantivo maschile builder('s labourer), construction worker, building worker BE* * *edile/e'dile, 'εdile/ ⇒ 18impresa edile firm of builders, construction company; industria edile construction industry; operaio edile builder('s labourer), construction worker, building worker BE; imprenditore edile builder, building contractor; cantiere edile building sitebuilder('s labourer), construction worker, building worker BE. -
14 Cockerill, William
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1759 Lancashire, Englandd. 1832 near Aix-la-Chapelle, France (now Aachen, Germany)[br]English (naturalized Belgian c. 1810) engineer, inventor and an important figure in the European textile machinery industry.[br]William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.[br]Further ReadingW.O.Henderson, 1961, The Industrial Revolution on the Continent, Manchester (a good account of the spread of the Industrial Revolution in Germany, France and Russia).RTS / RLH -
15 equipo
m.1 team (people).trabajar en equipo to work as a teamequipo de rescate rescue teamequipo de salvamento rescue team2 team (jugadores).un equipo de rugby a rugby teamequipo local/visitante local/visiting team3 equipment (equipamiento).equipo de oficina office equipment4 trousseau.5 system.equipo de alta fidelidad hi-fi systemequipo de sonido sound system6 kit.7 gear.pres.indicat.1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: equipar.* * *1 (prestaciones) equipment2 (ropas, utensilios) outfit, kit3 (de personas) team\equipo de alta fidelidad hi-fi systemequipo de fútbol football teamequipo de música music centre, stereo systemequipo de novia trousseauequipo de salvamento rescue teamgastos de equipo capital expenditure sing* * *noun m.1) crew2) team3) gear, equipment4) kit* * *SM1) (Dep) teamequipo titular — A team, first team
2) [de personas] teamequipo de rescate, equipo de salvamento, equipo de socorro — [civil] rescue team; [militar] rescue squad, rescue unit
equipo médico — medical team, medical unit
3) (=utensilios, accesorios) [gen] equipment; [para deportes] equipment, kitequipo de fumador — smoker's outfit, smoker's accessories
equipo físico — (Inform) hardware
equipo lógico — (Inform) software
equipo rodante — (Ferro) rolling stock
* * *1) (de trabajadores, jugadores) teamel equipo local or de casa — the home team
el equipo de fuera or visitante — the away o visiting team
hacer equipo con alguien — (AmL) to team up with somebody
ser del otro equipo — (AmL fam & pey) to be one of them (colloq & pej)
2) (de materiales, utensilios) equipmentcaerse con todo el equipo — (fam) to mess things up (colloq), to screw up (AmE sl)
•* * *= apparatus, equipment, team, crew, gear, rig, infrastructure, squad.Ex. The abstracts of research papers will typically represent the methodology employed, in particular, apparatus, equipment, tools, materials.Ex. A post-coordinate index depends upon specialised equipment and storage devices.Ex. Guidelines are also valuable introductory material for any new abstractors, whether geographically separated from the remainder of the abstracting team or not.Ex. Phillips has 12 installations with a crew of 15-450 men.Ex. The library is now the greatest treasure house of whaling fact and lore in the world with its collection of logbooks, maps, photographs, manuscripts and whaling gear = Ahora la biblioteca ahora es la mayor fuente inagotable del mundo de datos y tradiciones sobre la caza de ballenas con su colección de diarios de navegación, mapas, fotografías, manuscritos y herramientas para la caza de ballenas.Ex. An adjustable seating rig was used to create the three-dimensional shape of a static lounge chair.Ex. Priority sectors are in energy, industry and infrastructure.Ex. This concept comes mainly from the military, where a designated number of troops make a squad, a platoon, a regiment, etc..----* basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.* biblioteconomía en equipo = team librarianship.* colaboración en equipo = collaborative teamwork.* compañero de equipo = teammate.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.* deporte de equipo = team sport.* equipo administrativo = administrative team.* equipo audiovisual = audiovisual equipment.* equipo de atletismo = athletic team.* equipo de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue team.* equipo de casa = home team.* equipo de casa, el = home side, the.* equipo de dirección = management, management team, administrative team.* equipo de gestión = management team.* equipo de gobierno = administration, governing board, management.* equipo de impresión = press crew.* equipo de investigación = research team.* equipo de lectura de microfilm = microfilm reading equipment.* equipo de mantenimiento = maintenance crew.* equipo de mantenimiento artificial de la vida = life-support system.* equipo de medición topográfica = surveying equipment.* equipo de música = home stereo system, stereo system.* equipo de pesca = fishing tackle, fishing gear, fishing equipment, angling equipment.* equipo deportivo = sports team.* equipo de producción = production team, production equipment.* equipo de protección = protective gear.* equipo de rescate = rescue team.* equipo de salvamento = rescue team.* equipo de sonido = sound system, hi-fi system.* equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.* equipo editorial = editorial team.* equipo especial = skunkwork [skunk work].* equipo informático = computer hardware, computer equipment, computer machinery.* equipo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.* equipo investigador = research team.* equipo mixto = cross-functional team.* equipo nacional = national team.* equipo para escuchar visitas grabadas = audio tour unit.* equipo protector = protective gear.* equipos ADP (para el proceso automático de datos) = ADP (automatic data processing) equipment.* equipos de calefacción = heating equipment.* equipos de reprografía = reprographic equipment.* equipo solar = solar equipment.* equipo titular = starting team.* equipo topográfico = surveying equipment.* equipo visitante = visiting team.* esfuerzo de equipo = team effort.* espíritu de equipo = team spirit.* fomento de espíritu de equipo = team building.* investigación en equipo = team research.* material y equipos de oficina = office supply and equipment.* partido entre equipos rivales = local derby.* suministrar material de equipo = supply + equipment.* trabajar en equipo = work as + a team.* trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.* un equipo de = a team of.* * *1) (de trabajadores, jugadores) teamel equipo local or de casa — the home team
el equipo de fuera or visitante — the away o visiting team
hacer equipo con alguien — (AmL) to team up with somebody
ser del otro equipo — (AmL fam & pey) to be one of them (colloq & pej)
2) (de materiales, utensilios) equipmentcaerse con todo el equipo — (fam) to mess things up (colloq), to screw up (AmE sl)
•* * *= apparatus, equipment, team, crew, gear, rig, infrastructure, squad.Ex: The abstracts of research papers will typically represent the methodology employed, in particular, apparatus, equipment, tools, materials.
Ex: A post-coordinate index depends upon specialised equipment and storage devices.Ex: Guidelines are also valuable introductory material for any new abstractors, whether geographically separated from the remainder of the abstracting team or not.Ex: Phillips has 12 installations with a crew of 15-450 men.Ex: The library is now the greatest treasure house of whaling fact and lore in the world with its collection of logbooks, maps, photographs, manuscripts and whaling gear = Ahora la biblioteca ahora es la mayor fuente inagotable del mundo de datos y tradiciones sobre la caza de ballenas con su colección de diarios de navegación, mapas, fotografías, manuscritos y herramientas para la caza de ballenas.Ex: An adjustable seating rig was used to create the three-dimensional shape of a static lounge chair.Ex: Priority sectors are in energy, industry and infrastructure.Ex: This concept comes mainly from the military, where a designated number of troops make a squad, a platoon, a regiment, etc..* basado en el trabajo en equipo = team-based.* biblioteconomía en equipo = team librarianship.* colaboración en equipo = collaborative teamwork.* compañero de equipo = teammate.* de aplicación específica a un equipo de ordenador = hardware-based.* dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.* deporte de equipo = team sport.* equipo administrativo = administrative team.* equipo audiovisual = audiovisual equipment.* equipo de atletismo = athletic team.* equipo de búsqueda y rescate = search and rescue team.* equipo de casa = home team.* equipo de casa, el = home side, the.* equipo de dirección = management, management team, administrative team.* equipo de gestión = management team.* equipo de gobierno = administration, governing board, management.* equipo de impresión = press crew.* equipo de investigación = research team.* equipo de lectura de microfilm = microfilm reading equipment.* equipo de mantenimiento = maintenance crew.* equipo de mantenimiento artificial de la vida = life-support system.* equipo de medición topográfica = surveying equipment.* equipo de música = home stereo system, stereo system.* equipo de pesca = fishing tackle, fishing gear, fishing equipment, angling equipment.* equipo deportivo = sports team.* equipo de producción = production team, production equipment.* equipo de protección = protective gear.* equipo de rescate = rescue team.* equipo de salvamento = rescue team.* equipo de sonido = sound system, hi-fi system.* equipo de trabajo = study team, project team, work team.* equipo editorial = editorial team.* equipo especial = skunkwork [skunk work].* equipo informático = computer hardware, computer equipment, computer machinery.* equipo interdisciplinar = cross-functional team.* equipo investigador = research team.* equipo mixto = cross-functional team.* equipo nacional = national team.* equipo para escuchar visitas grabadas = audio tour unit.* equipo protector = protective gear.* equipos ADP (para el proceso automático de datos) = ADP (automatic data processing) equipment.* equipos de calefacción = heating equipment.* equipos de reprografía = reprographic equipment.* equipo solar = solar equipment.* equipo titular = starting team.* equipo topográfico = surveying equipment.* equipo visitante = visiting team.* esfuerzo de equipo = team effort.* espíritu de equipo = team spirit.* fomento de espíritu de equipo = team building.* investigación en equipo = team research.* material y equipos de oficina = office supply and equipment.* partido entre equipos rivales = local derby.* suministrar material de equipo = supply + equipment.* trabajar en equipo = work as + a team.* trabajo en equipo = teamwork, collaborative teamwork, team management.* un equipo de = a team of.* * *A ( Dep) team; (de trabajadores, colaboradores) teamun equipo de baloncesto/fútbol a basketball/football teamel equipo local or de casa the home teamel equipo de fuera or visitante the away o visiting teamun equipo de salvamento a rescue teamel equipo de desactivación de explosivos the bomb disposal team o squadtrabajo en equipo team worktrabajamos en equipo we work as a teamel equipo directivo de la empresa the company's management teamhacer equipo con algn ( AmL); to team up with sbCompuestos:research teameditorial staff o teamrescue teamtelevision crewworking group, task forcemedical teamoutside broadcasting unittask forceB (de materiales, utensilios) equipmentse compró el equipo completo de esquí he bought himself all the necessary equipment o ( colloq) all the gear for skiingequipos informáticos computer hardware, hardwareequipo de pesca fishing tackleequipo de fotografía photographic equipmentequipo de gimnasia gym kitCompuestos:hi-fi systemMP3 playersound systemstandard fittings (pl)sound system( Chi) sound system* * *
Del verbo equipar: ( conjugate equipar)
equipo es:
1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo
equipó es:
3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo
Multiple Entries:
equipar
equipo
equipar ( conjugate equipar) verbo transitivo
equipo a algn con or de algo to equip sb with sth
‹local/barco› to fit out;
( de víveres) to provision;
equipo sustantivo masculino
1 (de trabajadores, jugadores) team;◊ el equipo local/visitante the home/visiting team;
trabajo de equipo team work;
trabajar en equipo to work as a team;
equipo de filmación film crew
2 (de materiales, utensilios) equipment;
equipo de gimnasia gym kit;
equipo de alta fidelidad hi-fi system
equipar verbo transitivo to equip [con, with]
equipo sustantivo masculino
1 (grupo de profesionales) team: juega en un equipo de baloncesto, he plays in a basketball team
tenemos que trabajar en equipo, we've got to work as a team
2 (conjunto de aparatos) equipment: equipo de música, music system
3 (conjunto de ropa, elementos, etc) outfit: me gustaría tener un equipo de bucear, I'd like to have a set of diving equipment
' equipo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alineación
- bajón
- batir
- combatividad
- compacta
- compacto
- compenetrarse
- componente
- concentración
- confraternizar
- cuadrilla
- efectividad
- enfrentarse
- entrenar
- estruendo
- fuera
- inferioridad
- interdisciplinaria
- interdisciplinario
- líder
- mofarse
- óptima
- óptimo
- parafernalia
- savia
- servidumbre
- socorro
- sonido
- teutón
- teutona
- teutónica
- teutónico
- vencedor
- vencedora
- visitante
- alentar
- alinear
- animador
- arrasar
- ascenso
- baja
- bajar
- barrer
- cabeza
- compañero
- componer
- contrario
- delantera
- derrotado
- derrotar
English:
apparatus
- audio
- boom box
- crew
- cut out
- deck
- defeat
- do-it-yourself
- electrical equipment
- equipment
- field
- forfeit
- gear
- goalkeeper
- goose
- hi-fi
- integral
- kit
- letdown
- lick
- opposing
- outfit
- part-payment
- place
- preclude
- promote
- pull out
- retrofit
- row
- scapegoat
- side
- spirit
- squad
- standard
- stretcher party
- surgical
- tackle
- team
- team-game
- team-mate
- teamwork
- unbeatable
- unit
- up-to-date
- visiting team
- winning
- ahead
- behalf
- color
- drop
* * *equipo nm1. [de trabajadores, profesionales, voluntarios] team;un equipo de extinción de incendios a fire-fighting team;trabajar en equipo to work as a team;trabajo en equipo teamworkequipo de rescate rescue team;equipo de salvamento rescue team2. [de jugadores, atletas] team;un equipo de rugby a rugby team;deportes de equipo team sportsequipo local local team;equipo visitante visiting team3. [equipamiento] equipment;un equipo de submarinismo scuba diving equipment;ya tiene listo el equipo de esquí he has got his skiing gear ready now;Fam equipo de oficina office equipment;equipo de primeros auxilios first-aid kit;equipo quirúrgico surgical instruments4. [indumentaria] [de novia] trousseau;[de soldado] kit; [de colegial] uniform; [de deportista] strip Arg equipo buzo tracksuit5. [de música] systemequipo de alta fidelidad hi-fi system;equipo de música music o sound system;equipo de sonido sound system* * *m1 DEP team2:equipo investigador investigating team3 accesorios equipment;equipo de esquiar skiing equipment;caerse con todo el equipo fig fam fall flat* * *equipo nm1) : team, crew2) : gear, equipment* * *equipo n1. (personas, jugadores) team2. (ropa, utensilios) gear / kit¿has traído tu equipo de tenis? have you brought your tennis gear?3. (equipamiento) equipmentequipo de música hi fi / stereo -
16 Renold, Hans
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 31 July 1852 Aarau, Switzerlandd. 2 May 1943 Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire, England[br]Swiss (naturalized British 1881) mechanical engineer, inventor and pioneer of the precision chain industry.[br]Hans Renold was educated at the cantonal school of his native town and at the Polytechnic in Zurich. He worked in two or three small workshops during the polytechnic vacations and served an apprenticeship of eighteen months in an engineering works at Neuchâtel, Switzerland. After a short period of military service he found employment as a draughtsman in an engineering firm at Saint-Denis, near Paris, from 1871 to 1873. In 1873 Renold moved first to London and then to Manchester as a draughtsman and inspector with a firm of machinery exporters. From 1877 to 1879 he was a partner in his own firm of machine exporters. In 1879 he purchased a small firm in Salford making chain for the textile industry. At about this time J.K.Starley introduced the "safety" bicycle, which, however, lacked a satisfactory drive chain. Renold met this need with the invention of the bush roller chain, which he patented in 1880. The new chain formed the basis of the precision chain industry: the business expanded and new premises were acquired in Brook Street, Manchester, in 1881. In the same year Renold became a naturalized British subject.Continued expansion of the business necessitated the opening of a new factory in Brook Street in 1889. The factory was extended in 1895, but by 1906 more accommodation was needed and a site of 11 ½ acres was acquired in the Manchester suburb of Burnage: the move to the new building was finally completed in 1914. Over the years, further developments in the techniques of chain manufacture were made, including the invention in 1895 of the inverted tooth or silent chain. Renold made his first visit to America in 1891 to study machine-tool developments and designed for his own works special machine tools, including centreless grinding machines for dealing with wire rods up to 10 ft (3 m) in length.The business was established as a private limited company in 1903 and merged with the Coventry Chain Company Ltd in 1930. Good industrial relations were always of concern to Renold and he established a 48-hour week as early as 1896, in which year a works canteen was opened. Joint consultation with shop stewards date2 from 1917. Renold was elected a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1902 and in 1917 he was made a magistrate of the City of Manchester.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsHonorary DSc University of Manchester 1940.Further ReadingBasil H.Tripp, 1956, Renold Chains: A History of the Company and the Rise of the Precision Chain Industry 1879–1955, London.J.J.Guest, 1915, Grinding Machinery, London, pp. 289, 380 (describes grinding machines developed by Renold).RTS -
17 Polhem, Christopher
SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology[br]b. 18 December 1661 Tingstade, Gotland, Sweden d. 1751[br]Swedish engineer and inventor.[br]He was the eldest son of Wolf Christopher Polhamma, a merchant. The father died in 1669 and the son was sent by his stepfather to an uncle in Stockholm who found him a place in the Deutsche Rechenschule. After the death of his uncle, he was forced to find employment, which he did with the Biorenklou family near Uppsala where he eventually became a kind of estate bailiff. It was during this period that he started to work with a lathe, a forge and at carpentry, displaying great technical ability. He realized that without further education he had little chance of making anything of his life, and accordingly, in 1687, he registered at the University of Uppsala where he studied astronomy and mathematics, remaining there for three years. He also repaired two astronomical pendulum clocks as well as the decrepit medieval clock in the cathedral. After a year's work he had this clock running properly: this was his breakthrough. He was summoned to Stockholm where the King awarded him a salary of 500 dalers a year as an encouragement to further efforts. Around this time, one of increasing mechanization and when mining was Sweden's principal industry, Pohlem made a model of a hoist frame for mines and the Mines Authority encouraged him to develop his ideas. In 1693 Polhem completed the Blankstot hoist at the Stora Kopparberg mine, which attracted great interest on the European continent.From 1694 to 1696 Polhem toured factories, mills and mines abroad in Germany, Holland, England and France, studying machinery of all kinds and meeting many foreign engineers. In 1698 he was appointed Director of Mining Engineering in Sweden, and in 1700 he became Master of Construction in the Falu Mine. He installed the Karl XII hoist there, powered by moving beams from a distant water-wheel. His plan of 1697 for all the machinery at the Falu mine to be driven by three large and remote water-wheels was never completed.In 1707 he was invited by the Elector of Hanover to visit the mines in the Harz district, where he successfully explained many of his ideas which were adopted by the local engineers. In 1700, in conjunction with Gabriel Stierncrona, he founded the Stiersunds Bruk at Husby in Southern Dalarna, a factory for the mass production of metal goods in iron, steel and bronze. Simple articles such as pans, trays, bowls, knives, scissors and mirrors were made there, together with the more sophisticated Polhem lock and the Stiersunds clock. Production was based on water power. Gear cutting for the clocks, shaping hammers for plates, file cutting and many other operations were all water powered, as was a roller mill for the sheet metal used in the factory. He also designed textile machinery such as stocking looms and spinning frames and machines for the manufacture of ribbons and other things.In many of his ideas Polhem was in advance of his time and Swedish country society was unable to absorb them. This was largely the reason for the Stiersund project being only a partial success. Polhem, too, was of a disputatious nature, self-opinionated almost to the point of conceit. He was a prolific writer, leaving over 20,000 pages of manuscript notes, drafts, essays on a wide range of subjects, which included building, brick-making, barrels, wheel-making, bell-casting, organ-building, methods of stopping a horse from bolting and a curious tap "to prevent serving maids from sneaking wine from the cask", the construction of ploughs and threshing machines. His major work, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions), was printed in 1729 and is the main source of knowledge about his technological work. He is also known for his "mechanical alphabet", a collection of some eighty wooden models of mechanisms for educational purposes. It is in the National Museum of Science and Technology in Stockholm.[br]Bibliography1729, Kort Berattelse om de Fornamsta Mechaniska Inventioner (A Brief Account of the Most Famous Inventions).Further Reading1985, Christopher Polhem, 1661–1751, TheSwedish Daedalus' (catalogue of a travelling exhibition from the Swedish Institute in association with the National Museum of Science and Technology), Stockholm.IMcN -
18 Baumaschinenindustrie
f < ökon> ■ construction machinery and equipment industry; building machinery and equipment industry -
19 машиностроение
с. machine building, machine manufacturing, mechanical engineering, engineering industry -
20 Norton, Charles Hotchkiss
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering[br]b. 23 November 1851 Plainville, Connecticut, USAd. 27 October 1942 Plainville, Connecticut, USA[br]American mechanical engineer and machine-tool designer.[br]After an elementary education at the public schools of Plainville and Thomaston, Connecticut, Charles H.Norton started work in 1866 at the Seth Thomas Clock Company in Thomaston. He was soon promoted to machinist, and further progress led to his successive appointments as Foreman, Superintendent of Machinery and Manager of the department making tower clocks. He designed many public clocks.In 1886 he obtained a position as Assistant Engineer with the Brown \& Sharpe Manufacturing Company at Providence, Rhode Island, and was engaged in redesigning their universal grinding machine to give it more rigidity and make it more suitable for use as a production machine. In 1890 he left to become a partner in a newly established firm, Leland, Faulconer \& Norton Company at Detroit, Michigan, designing and building machine tools. He withdrew from this firm in 1895 and practised as a consulting mechanical engineer for a short time before returning to Brown \& Sharpe in 1896. There he designed a grinding machine incorporating larger and wider grinding wheels so that heavier cuts could be made to meet the needs of the mass-production industries, especially the automobile industry. This required a heavier and more rigid machine and greater power, but these ideas were not welcomed at Brown \& Sharpe and in 1900 Norton left to found the Norton Grinding Company in Worcester, Massachusetts. Here he was able to develop heavy-production grinding machines, including special machines for grinding crank-shafts and camshafts for the automobile industry.In setting up the Norton Grinding Company, Charles H.Norton received financial support from members of the Norton Emery Wheel Company (also of Worcester and known after 1906 as the Norton Company), but he was not related to the founder of that company. The two firms were completely independent until 1919 when they were merged. From that time Charles H.Norton served as Chief Engineer of the machinery division of the Norton Company, until 1934 when he became their Consulting Engineer.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsCity of Philadelphia, John Scott Medal 1925.BibliographyNorton was granted more than one hundred patents and was author of Principles of Cylindrical Grinding, 1917, 1921, Worcester, Mass.Further ReadingRobert S.Woodbury, 1959, History of the Grinding Machine, Cambridge, Mass, (contains biographical information and details of the machines designed by Norton).RTSBiographical history of technology > Norton, Charles Hotchkiss
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